보정어플을 통한 SNS 사용자들의 자기 표현

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 생활과학대학 의류학과, 2023. 2. 하지수.오늘날의 사회에서 기술의 발전은 문화와 생활 방식에 대한 접근 방식을 변화시켰고, 결과적으로 새로운 자기 표현 방식을 탄생시켰다. 이러한 변화의 중심에 소셜 네트워킹 플랫폼이 있는데 사람들이 오프라인보다 온라인에서 더 많은 활동을 하고 시간을 투자함으로써 전통적인 사회 구조와 상호 작용 방식이 달라졌다는 것을 쉽게 볼 수가 있다. 이러한 새롭게 변화된 온라인 환경에서, 보정과정을 거친 개인의 셀카는 다른 사람들과의 시각적 의사소통과 참여의 주요 매개체이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 소셜 미디어에서 자신의 프레젠테이션을 지원하는 도구인 셀카와 사진 보정 앱 내의 표현 특성을 조사하는 데 있다. 연구는 총 세개의 연구문제로 이루어져 있으며 첫째, 소셜 미디어의 온라인 특성과 다른 사람과의 상호작용에 미치는 영향에 대한 조사는 온라인 미디어와의 개인적인 자기표현이 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하는 바탕으로, 앱을 사용하여 셀카를 편집하는 소셜 미디어 사용자의 근본적인 동기를 파악한다. 둘째, 소셜 미디어 사용자의 욕구에 특정 방식으로 영향을 미치는 다양한 요소들이 이러한 요소들이 사용자의 자아 이미지 표현에 대한 접근 방식을 어떻게 형성하는지 탐구한다. 마지막으로, 이상적인 '자기'에 대한 묘사에서 서로 다른 소셜 미디어 사용자의 다양한 욕구에 대한 더 깊은 이해를 얻기 위해 자기 개념 및 이미지와 관련된 특정 앱 기능과 자기 표현 방식 간의 상관관계를 조사한다. 방법론적 측면에서 질적 접근법을 선택하였으며, 위에 열거된 목적에 대한 자료를 수집하기 위해 총 20명의 한국 참가자를 대상으로 개별 심층 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 본 연구는 면접참여자 자신의 주관적 경험을 통해 이해하고자 하는 의미현상을 효과적으로 보존하고 있기 때문에 Giorgi의 서술적 현상학적 방법을 자료분석의 틀로 활용하였다. 분석된 자료의 결과는 사진편집 앱 사용동기 내 3개 범주(소셜미디어의 영향, 외모 가꾸기, 온라인 문화의 적응), 자기표현의 영향요인 내 5개 범주(자기결정 자율성 요인, 소셜미디어 매체 성격 요인, 개인적인 관점 요인, 소셜미디어 사용자 요인, 사회적 요인), 소셜 미디어 사용자의 자기 프레젠테이션 및 편집 셀카에 대한 접근 방식에서 공유된 일반 규칙 내의 네 가지 범주(진정성 있는 자기표션, '가짜'로 보일 것을 두려워하여 극단적인 편집을 피하는 행동, 일반적인 편집 관련 보정 규칙, 셀카 편집 도구의 자연스러운 활용방법), 추구하는 온라인 자기 이미지 내의 여섯 가지 범주(자연스러운 이미지, 내가 원하는 대로 삶을 사는 이미지, 다양하고 제한되지 않는 이미지, 호불호가 없어 다양한 사람들에게 호감을 사는 이미지, 상냥하고 다가가기 쉬운 이미지, 도시적이고 세련된 이미지)로 분류 된다. 본 연구의 결과는 전반적으로 사진편집 앱을 통해 매개되는 자신의 자기표현에 대한 시각지향적 소셜미디어 플랫폼의 역동성의 중요성뿐만 아니라 소셜미디어 사용자의 개별적인 자기 이미지 욕구가 어떻게 반영되는지에 대한 철저한 이해를 제공하기 부분에서 연구 의의가 있다.In today's society, advances in technology have transformed approaches to culture and lifestyles, resulting in a different mode of self presentation as well. Traditional social structures and modes of interactions have shifted, as individuals spend more time online than offline, with social networking platforms at the center of this change. Here, the used of edited selfies are the main mediums of visual communication and engagement with others. This studys objectives lie in the investigation of expressive characteristics within selfies and especially photo-editing apps, as tools to assist ones self presentation on social media. First, an inspection of the online nature of social media and its influence on interactions with others is used as a foundation to understand how personal self presentation with online mediums work, and also identify social media users underlying motivations for using apps to edit selfies. Second various factors that influence social media users desires be viewed in a certain way are explored, along with how these factors shape the users approaches to their expression of self-image. Lastly, the correlations between specific app features and ways of self-presentation in relation to self-concept and image are examined to gain a deeper comprehension on the diverse desires of different social media users in their portrayal of the ideal self. A qualitative approach in terms of methodology was chosen, in which individual in-depth interviews of a total of twenty participants from South Korea was conducted to gather data concerning the aims listed above. Giorgis descriptive phenomenological method was used as the frame for data analysis as it effectively preserves the meaning phenomena this study wishes to understand through interview participants own subjective experience. Results of analyzed data revealed three categories within photo-editing app usage motivations (influence of social media, polishing ones appearance, online acculturation), five categories within influencing factors of self presentation (self autonomy factors, nature of social media medium factors, personal perspective factors, social media user factors, socio-cultural factors), four categories within shared general rules of social media users in their approach to self presentation and editing selfies (authentic style of self presentation, avoiding extreme edits in fear of looking 'fake', general rules of edits, natural methods of selfie editing tool), and six categories in desired online self-image (natural image, living life as I want image, diverse and unrestricted image, crowd-pleaser image, amiable and easy-going image, urban and refined image) Overall, the findings of this study are of value as it provides a thorough understanding of not only the significance of the dynamics of a visual-oriented social media platform on ones self presentation mediated through photo-editing apps, but also how the distinct editing processes of social media users reflect of their individual self-image desires.Chapter I. Introduction 1 1. Background 1 2. Research Purpose, Questions, Implications 3 Chapter II. Literature Review 6 1. The Concept of 'Self' and Self Presentation 6 1.1 The 'Self' and Self-Concept 6 1.2 Self Presentation and Impression Management (Goffman) 7 1.3 Self Presentation and Impression Management (Leary and Kowalski) 8 2. Rise of the Social Media 10 2.1 Characteristics and Applications of Social Media 10 2.2 Online Self Presentation and Identity Exploration 11 3. Selfie, Selfie Editing and Beauty Apps 14 3.1 The 'Selfie' 14 3.2 The Normalization of Selfie Editing 15 3.3 Proliferation of Photo-Editing Apps 16 3.4 Influence of Self-Discrepancy on Self Esteem 19 4. Fashion Image and Self Presentation 21 4.1 Fashion Image and Self Concept 21 Chapter III. Methodology 24 1. Phenomenology 24 2. In-depth Interview (IDI) 25 3. Interview Design 25 3.1 Participants Selection and Recruitment 25 3.2 Interview Structure 27 3.3 Interview Question 28 4. Procedures 29 4.1 IRB Approval 29 4.2 Data Collection 29 4.3 Data Analysis 29 Chapter IV. Results (Empirical Study) 32 1. Overview of results 32 2. Photo-Editing App Usage Motivations 32 2.1 Influence of Social Media 32 2.2 Polishing One's Appearance 38 2.3 Online Acculturation 45 3. Influencing Factors of Self Presentation 50 3.1 Self Autonomy Factors 50 3.2 Nature of Social Media Medium Factors 55 3.3 Personal Perspective Factors 58 3.4 Social Media User Factors 60 3.5 Socio-Cultural Factors 63 4. Shared General Rules of Social Media Users 68 4.1 Authentic Style of Self Presentation 68 4.2 Avoiding Extreme Edits in Fear of Looking 'Fake' 75 4.3 General Rules of Edits 83 4.4 Natural Methods of Selfie Editing Tool 86 5. Desired Online 'Self' Image 89 5.1 Natural Image 89 5.2 Living Life as I want, Image 92 5.3 Diverse and Unrestricted Image 95 5.4 Crowd-Pleaser Image 98 5.5 Amiable, Easy-Going Image 103 5.6 Urban and Refined Image 108 Chapter V. Conclusion and Discussion 114 Bibliography 117 Abstract in Korean 125석

Energy-Efficient Inference Accelerator for Memory-Augmented Neural Networks on an FPGA

Memory-augmented neural networks (MANNs) are designed for question-answering tasks. It is difficult to run a MANN effectively on accelerators designed for other neural networks (NNs), in particular on mobile devices, because MANNs require recurrent data paths and various types of operations related to external memory access. We implement an accelerator for MANNs on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based on a data flow architecture. Inference times are also reduced by inference thresholding, which is a data-based maximum inner-product search specialized for natural language tasks. Measurements on the bAbI data show that the energy efficiency of the accelerator (FLOPS/kJ) was higher than that of an NVIDIA TITAN V GPU by a factor of about 125, increasing to 140 with inference thresholdingComment: Accepted to DATE 201

FedClassAvg: Local Representation Learning for Personalized Federated Learning on Heterogeneous Neural Networks

Personalized federated learning is aimed at allowing numerous clients to train personalized models while participating in collaborative training in a communication-efficient manner without exchanging private data. However, many personalized federated learning algorithms assume that clients have the same neural network architecture, and those for heterogeneous models remain understudied. In this study, we propose a novel personalized federated learning method called federated classifier averaging (FedClassAvg). Deep neural networks for supervised learning tasks consist of feature extractor and classifier layers. FedClassAvg aggregates classifier weights as an agreement on decision boundaries on feature spaces so that clients with not independently and identically distributed (non-iid) data can learn about scarce labels. In addition, local feature representation learning is applied to stabilize the decision boundaries and improve the local feature extraction capabilities for clients. While the existing methods require the collection of auxiliary data or model weights to generate a counterpart, FedClassAvg only requires clients to communicate with a couple of fully connected layers, which is highly communication-efficient. Moreover, FedClassAvg does not require extra optimization problems such as knowledge transfer, which requires intensive computation overhead. We evaluated FedClassAvg through extensive experiments and demonstrated it outperforms the current state-of-the-art algorithms on heterogeneous personalized federated learning tasks.Comment: Accepted to ICPP 2022. Code: https://github.com/hukla/fedclassav

Spinal Cord Injury Markedly Altered Protein Expression Patterns in the Affected Rat Urinary Bladder during Healing Stages

The influence of spinal cord injury (SCI) on protein expression in the rat urinary bladder was assessed by proteomic analysis at different time intervals post-injury. After contusion SCI between T9 and T10, bladder tissues were processed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/MS at 6 hr to 28 days after SCI to identify proteins involved in the healing process of SCI-induced neurogenic bladder. Approximately 1,000 spots from the bladder of SCI and sham groups were visualized and identified. At one day after SCI, the expression levels of three protein were increased, and seven spots were down-regulated, including heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20). Fifteen spots such as S100-A11 were differentially expressed seven days post-injury, and seven proteins including transgelin had altered expression patterns 28 days after injury. Of the proteins with altered expression levels, transgelin, S100-A11, Hsp27 and Hsp20 were continuously and variably expressed throughout the entire post-SCI recovery of the bladder. The identified proteins at each time point belong to eight functional categories. The altered expression patterns identified by 2-DE of transgelin and S100-A11 were verified by Western blot. Transgelin and protein S100-A11 may be candidates for protein biomarkers in the bladder healing process after SCI

Membership Feature Disentanglement Network

© 2022 ACM.Membership inference (MI) determines whether a given data point is involved in the training of target machine learning model. Thus, the notion of MI relies on both the data feature and the model. The existing MI methods focus on the model only. We introduce a membership feature disentanglement network (MFDN) to approach MI from the perspective of data features. We assume that the data features can be disentangled into the membership features and class features. The membership features are those that enable MI, and class features refer to those that the network is trying to learn. MFDN disentangles these features by adversarial games between the encoders and auxiliary critic networks. It also visualizes the membership features using an inductive bias from the perspective of MI. We perform empirical evaluations to demonstrate that MFDN can disentangle membership features and class features.N

NIR Laser-Responsive PNIPAM and Gold Nanorod Composites for the Engineering of Thermally Reactive Drug Delivery Nanomedicine

When ingesting a drug on its own or injecting it directly into tissue, its concentration increases immediately within the body, which often exacerbates the side effects and increases its toxicity. To solve this problem, we synthesized the thermally reactive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and prepared nanocarriers by binding PNIPAM to gold nanorods (GRs), with the anticancer agent doxorubicin (DOX) used as a model drug. PNIPAM changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic at temperatures above its lower critical solution temperature, which represents a coil-to-globule volume phase transition. Because GRs absorb near-infrared (NIR) laser light and emit energy, PNIPAM aggregation occurs when the synthesized PNIPAM/GR are subjected to an NIR laser, and the temperature of the GRs rises. Using this principle, DOX was combined with the PNIPAM/GR complex, and the resulting anticancer effects with and without laser treatment were observed in Hela and MDA-MB-231 cells. In our proposed complex, the GR binding rate of PNIPAM reached 20% and the DOX binding rate reached 15%. The release profile of the drug following laser irradiation was determined using a drug release test and confocal microscopy imaging. It was subsequently confirmed that the release of the drug is higher at higher temperatures, especially with laser treatment. The proposed combination of temperature-reactive polymers and gold nanostructures shows promise for future research into controlled drug release